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Una ricerca scientifica effettuata in Africa sui primati, da parte di un primatologo il dott. Michael
Huffman del Chimpp (Chemio-ethology of hominoid Interactions with Medical
Plants and Parasites), ha evidenziato che i primati
hanno una conoscenza della Natura infinitamente superiore alla
nostra !
E
noi……… l’abbiamo persa, per strada !!!….le cause….pigrizia
mentale, oltre ai medici volutamente non informati
né istruiti dalle università, sulle possibilità curative delle
piante …….. ci hanno reso
ancora meno consapevoli di queste meravigliose possibilità; l’ignoranza
dei medici e dei malati stessi anche e sopra tutto per e con l’interesse
delle case farmaceutiche…..hanno fatto il resto
!
Questo
studio dovrebbe far riflettere tutta la classe medica ed ognuno di noi,
sull’importanza di recuperare tutta questa sapienza persa, difendendo
sempre ed in ogni luogo le biodiversità degli animali e vegetali, nostri
confratelli su questo pianeta.
Il
dott. Huffman autore dell’indagine, afferma: “gli
scimpanzé, i primati più simili all’uomo, ricorrono, con successo,
all’automedicazione in caso di infezioni, intossicazioni, problemi di
infecondità ecc.; abbiamo osservato scimmie che arrivavano a percorrere
molti chilometri per mangiare, succhiare, certe piante, preferendole a
certe altre che erano a disposizione nelle immediate vicinanze; ne
succhiavano le foglie ruvide e pelose senza mangiarle. Facevano scelte
apparentemente illogiche, che si spiegano solo con l’analisi chimica di
quelle piante” !
Le
grandi Scimmie sanno quindi selezionare le piante che hanno proprietà
curative e questo talento interessa gli etologi…..ma maggiormente le
case farmaceutiche che vogliono specularvi sopra “rapinando” le piante
dalle zone ove esse crescono, senza dare una lira alle popolazioni locali
!!!!!!! e magari trasformandole in medicinali chimici tossici !
Altra
considerazione da fare: come fanno i primati a trasmettersi quelle
informazioni; siccome i sedicenti scienziati/studiosi ufficiali (e lo
hanno scritto nei loro libri che propinano nelle scuole e nelle università)
hanno sempre affermato che essi i primati sono esser inferiori……non
gli balena per la testa …. che i primati abbiano come l’uomo, propri
linguaggi e si parlino tranquillamente da padre/madre in figlia/o,
trasmettendosi le informazioni necessarie alla sopravvivenza della propria
specie ????!!!!
Le
capacità di selezionare le piante curative è di molti animali, cani
compresi, che sanno scegliere le erbe ed utilizzare sopra tutto le
graminacee; i pappagalli sud americani sanno trovare i rimedi nelle
piante, nei minerali e nelle bacche !
In
Africa vi è una pianta che si chiama “Aspilia” le cui foglie hanno
una superficie ruvida e ricoperta di piccolissimi uncini; per gli scimpanzé
questa pianta è preziosa perché una
volta arrotolata ed ingerita una volta espulsa agli uncini vi rimangono
incastrati i parassiti che avevano nell’intestino, sembra una terapia da
manuale !
La
“Vermonia amigdalina” viene utilizzata dalla femmina degli scimpanzé
quando è gravemente malata, inappetente e quindi debilitata; assunta per
qualche giorno la guarigione è assicurata !
Le guarigioni sono infinite…
ci conferma il dott. Huffman !
La
vocazione di “erboristi” degli scimpanzé è confermata anche da
ricercatori primatologi dell’università di Kyoto.
E
poi dicono che le scimmie sono esseri inferiori…..essi si curano da soli
e noi dobbiamo ricorrere ai medici (che ignorano tutte le tecniche
sanitarie possibili) ed ai farmaci tossici !…follia dell’uomo
“sapiens” ………
La
ricerca è visibile in Internet nel sito:
http://jinui.zool.kyoto-u.ac.ip/CHIMPP/CHIMPP.html
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
THE
MEDICINAL USE OF PLANTS BY CHIMPANZEES IN THE WILD
The
C.H.I.M.P.P. Grou
Chemo-ethology
of Hominoid Interactions with Medicinal Plants and Parasites - Michael A.
Huffman, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi 484
JAPAN
email:
huffman@macaca.zool.kyoto-u.ac.jp
fax:
from overseas 81 568 63-0085 No portion of this text may be cited without
the explicit permission of the author. Copyright 1996 M.A. Huffman
Throughout the world, legends and folk tales give many animals god-like or
supernatural qualities and powers. Among the Navajo in the south western
United States, it is said that the bear, a highly revered animal spirit in
their culture, gave them the plant Ligusticum porteri to use as medicine.
Indeed, North American brown bears and Kodiak bears are known to dig up
the root of this plant, chew on it and then rub the juices all over face
and fur (Grisanzio, 1992). The physiological activity of this plant is
supported by the fact that it is noted to be particularly effective in the
treatment of stomachaches and bacterial infections (Moore, 1979).
In
Africa too, there are many cultures rich in the knowledge of local plants
and animals. For example, Mohamedi S. Kalunde, a game officer in the
Mahale Mountains National Park, western Tanzania along Lake Tanganyika is
versed in the traditional use of medicinal plants by his people, the
WaTongwe. Mohamedi was taught by his late grandfather Kalunde, a
traditional healer. When Mohamedi was a boy, Kalunde told him several
stories about how he acquired new medicines for humans by watching the
behavior of sick animals. One such story describes a young porcupine that
Kalunde had taken in after its mother was caught and killed in a snare.
Shortly after being taken in, the young porcupine became sick; suffering
from diarrhea and lethargy. He wandered off from the village and Kalunde
followed him. The porcupine dug up the root of a plant the WaTongwe call 'mulengelele'.
Noting that the baby porcupine recovered from its illness, Kalunde decided
to collected some of these roots and try them out on people in his village
whom had fallen ill.
From
Mohamedi's description of the properties of this plants, the roots appear
to be extremely toxic.
Now
mulengelele is one of the plants of choice for the treatment of parasites
amongst traditionally living WaTongwe.
As
far as I know, medicinal plant use behavior has never been reported in
porcupines. While these stories may prove to be just an interesting
teaching devise to pass down important information about medicines to the
next generation, the fact that animals may have something to teach us
about the medicinal uses of plants cannot be ignored.
The
production of toxins, drugs and other compounds, called secondary
metabolites by the chemists who study them, is considered to be an
evolutionary adaptation to help plants fight off predation from insects
and herbivores. These compounds therefore greatly influence what plants
animals can select as food (see Glander, 1982) and animal ecologists have
focused a great deal of their research on understanding how animals can
cope with such compounds present in the diet. An interesting break from
this traditional view came in 1978 with a paper written by Daniel Janzen,
an ecologist at the University of Pennsylvania.
Janzen was the first to suggest that the incidental ingestion of plants
containing toxic compounds may help to combat parasite related disease.
Based on a number of anecdotal accounts of medicinal plant use in animals,
he argued that if animals can learn to avoid toxic substances that are
harmful, they should also be able to learn to eat things that can make
them better. While it is not yet known specifically just how animals would
'learn' about medicinal plants, in theory its makes perfect sense that
they should. Pathogens and parasites can cause a variety of diseases,
affecting the overall behavior and reproductive fitness of an individual.
With this type of selective pressure, coevolution between host and
parasite is thought to have brought about a number of mechanisms by which
the host can limit parasite infection and the parasite can overcome them (Toft
et al., 1991). Some animals, a prime example being humans, may take
advantage of such plant herbivore defense mechanisms and put these toxic
secondary compounds to use against parasites and other disease causing
organisms.
The
most convincing and detailed evidence for the use of medicinal plants in
animals thus far comes from research on our closest living relative, the
chimpanzee. Chimpanzees are susceptible to a wide range of parasite
species that also infect humans. Thus far, evidence of possible use of
plants as an antiparasitic adaptation come from investigations of two
types of medicinal plant use, whole leaf-swallowing and bitter pith
chewing (Huffman & Wrangham, 1994; Rodriguez & Wrangham, 1993).
Whole
leaf-swallowing
The
puzzling aspects of leaf swallowing as a feeding behavior in the
chimpanzees at Gombe National Park and Mahale Mountains National Park in
western Tanzania was first reported jointly in 1983 by Richard Wrangham of
Harvard University and Toshisada Nishida of Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
(Wrangham and Nishida, 1983). They noted that the rough surfaced leaves of
Aspilia mossambicensis, A. pluriseta, and A. rudis are selected one at a
time and placed into the mouth, whereupon they are not chewed but
swallowed whole.
The leaves are then defecated intact, neatly folded accordian style into two or three lengthwise sections, but having
undergone no other visible signs of damage or digestion. In 1985,
thiarubrine A, a potent antifungal and antibiotic agent, was isolated in
the laboratory of Eloy Rodriguez at the University of California, Irvine,
from the leaves of A. mossambicensis. Rodriguez's
results late.
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